Lack of Morality in War Depicted in Tim OBriens The...

Tim O’Brien’s book â€Å"The Things They Carried† epitomizes the degradation of morals that war produces. This interpretation is personified in the characters who gradually blur the line dividing right and wrong as the motives for war itself become unclear. The morality of soldiers and the purpose of war are tied also to the truth the soldiers must tell themselves in order to participate in the gruesome and random killing which is falsely justified by the U.S government. The lack of purpose in the Vietnam War permanently altered the soldier’s perspective of how to react to situations and in most cases they turned to violence to express their frustration. The men’s mission was plainly described by O’Brien, stating â€Å"If you weren’t humping, you†¦show more content†¦Though the men reacted in violent ways in different situations, O’Brian’s violent act was something that stayed with him for the rest of his life and completely changed who he was as a person. â€Å"The Man I Killed† describes in detail the man and his life Tim O’Brien killed on a path in the jungle, even though he obviously did not know the man’s personal background, but mimicked it after his own. This description shows O’Brien’s life came to an end at his first act of violence, mirrored in the loss of the man’s life. After O’Brien’s incident on the pathway, he became cold and exemplified this new disposition after Jorgenson almost allowed O’Brien to die from a bullet wound, and in turn O’Brien needed pay back by scaring him in the middle of the night. The war may have physically killed many, but in this sense it damaged every soldier mentally. When truth became distorted by the ambiguous or absent motive for war, the soldiers needed to make up their own truths in order to keep sane enough to live through the senselessness and fear. Along with the fact that O’Brien’s boyhood died after killing the man in the path, his conception of truth died as well. He examines this fact when his daughter Kathleen asks him, â€Å"Daddy tell the truth, did you ever kill anybody?† and O’Brien ponders this stating, â€Å"And I can say, honestly, ‘Of course not.’ Or I canShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien793 Words   |  3 Pagesthe novel, The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien there is an ambiguity assigned to the life of a soldier in the Vietnam war, an ambiguity that represents no clear moral victor, no clear heroes, and seemingly no end. In the movie, Platoon, written and directed by Oliver Stone, the same ambiguity is depicted, with no clear moral direction, no clear h eroes, and no clear resolution. In the short story, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† O’Brien talks in great detail about how a true war story, and not

A Letter to the Minister of Sports in Singapore - 863 Words

A Letter to the Minister of Sport in Singapore Dear Sir: Millions of people worldwide wonder why competitive athletes cant just use their natural God-given strengths and talent and hence, eliminate the tedious reports of cheating in sports. This letter delves into the issues that officials and team administrators deal with vis-à  -vis banned substances, and takes the position that society urgently must find solutions for cheating in sports. I hope you have time to give consideration to the materials presented herein. The Literature on the Problems Related to Illegal Drug use in Sports Stephen Riley with the Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health at the University of Hong Kong asserts that †¦all spectator sports thrive by selling simple stories to their fans (Riley, 2007, 281). That said, the simple story for the Tour de France should be about human endurance, the best mountain climber, the best sprinter and not the disqualification of riders after the fact because of doping. Rileys salient point is poignant: How could cyclings story survive if pharmacological enhancements were allowed? (Riley, 281). This is a very uncomplicated and cogent message, and I hope you see it in the same light as I do. On the subject of cycling, an article in the peer-reviewed Nature magazine reports that the best line of defence against the use of Erythropoietin (EPO) which cyclists have been using for years is the biological passport (Callaway, 2011, p. 283).Show MoreRelatedCabinet System4287 Words   |  18 Pagesthe  Prime Minister, the cabinet is a council of ministers who are accountable collectively to the  Parliament. According to the  Article 43  of the  Constitution, members of the Cabinet can only be selected from members of either houses of Parliament. Formally, the  Yang di-Pertuan Agong  appoints all Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister, which he is obliged to follow.[1]According to  Article 43  of the  Constitution, members of the cabinet including all the ministers and deputy ministers shall notRead MoreForeign Policies of Tun Abdul Razak Period and Their Influences on Malaysia4715 Words   |  19 PagesAbdul Razak was the second Prime Minister of Mala ysia, heading the country from 1970 to 1976. Born in Pulau Keladi, Pahang on March 11, 1922, Tun Razak is the only child to Dato Hussein bin Mohd Taib and Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud. A bright student, Tun Razak received his early education at Malay College Kuala Kangsar in 1934. He graduated with a law degree of an Utter Barrister from Lincolns Inn, Britain. After the general elections in 1959, he became the Minister of Rural Development in additionRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pageshave a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. 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Coco Chanel Free Essays

string(61) " World War I made the chances of spouses returning very low\." Final Research Paper May 3, 2012 Fashion Leader, Nazi Informant, Compulsive Liar: Coco Chanel (1918-1945) Agent F-7124, code name: Westminster. To those of you who were not involved with German Military Intelligence during World War II, you may know Agent F-7124 as Coco Chanel. Chanel has been one of the top names in high end fashion for almost one hundred years but the woman behind the brand has a shocking past that would make any customer think twice before a purchase. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chanel herself once said during the German Occupation of France, â€Å"For a woman betrayal has no sense—one cannot betray one’s passions1. Chanel held this statement true through three affairs with Nazi officers during World War II, an affair with a French textile heir who introduced her to an English aristocrat who conveniently funded her first two boutiques in Paris2. In short, Chanel slept her way to the top of the fashion industry. Nonetheless, in 1926 the October issue of American Vogue Magazine credits Chanel with standardizing fashion in a caption under her signature black dress, â€Å"Here is a Ford signed Chanel—the frock that all the world will wear. †3 And they did; by 1935 Chanel was selling 28,000 designs worldwide. Coco Chanel was born Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel in 1883 in Paris, France and was the second child to an unwed mother. Years later her parents would marry and have five more children. When Chanel was 12 years old her mother died an d her father took Chanel and her six siblings to a convent for orphans where nuns would raise them until they reached age 18. At the convent Chanel learned to sew and was able to find work as a seamstress when she left. Living on her own, Chanel started to sing in a cabaret where she adopted the stage name Coco. Military officers and upper class members of society frequented the cabaret and Chanel met textile heir Etienne Balsan. Balsan introduced her to Captain Arthur Capel; Capel would buy her an apartment in Paris and finance her first two boutiques. Chanel began by designing hats, then women’s wear, and eventually perfume. 5 As Chanel made her way into the upper class she frequently fabricated her background to hide that she came from such humble beginnings. Chanel has stated in some interviews that she was an only child and has never publically acknowledged that she was raised in an orphanage. Author Louise de Vilmorin once suggested to Chanel that she see a psychiatrist about the constant need for fabrication. Chanel replied, â€Å"I, who never told the truth to my priest? †6 There is no doubt that Chanel is recognized as an innovator of women’s fashion during the 1920s. Women cut their hair and stepped out of their corsets. They wore clothes that gave them a waif-like silhouette shape, which was a stark contrast to the curvy, maternal shape previously connected with femininity. Women also stopped protecting their skin from sunlight and began to tan. The changes in women’s fashion were said to make women feel liberated and in charge of their own fate, but whether fashion had the ability to actually liberate women is questionable. Historian Mary Louise Roberts wrote that fashion was a highly charged issue in the early 1920s. â€Å"Every aspect of female dress had not only changed but come mirror opposite of what it had been in 1900. †7 This new style for women was criticized and opposed by traditional conservatives, Catholics, journalists, and most men. The critics felt like gender lines were becoming blurred and women were no longer interested in becoming mothers; which they felt was the ultimate goal for a woman. Roberts also wrote that this new fashion was not a marker of social change rather a maker. 8 This interpretation from Roberts is very common among historians on fashion in the 1920s. Elsa Herrmann wrote that women were finally finding substance in their life, â€Å"Women were making goals and this period awakened them from their lethargy and laid upon them the responsibility for their own fate. 9 Feminist historians Caroline Evans and Minna Thornton write that fashion during this time offered women the opportunity to express themselves in a passive manner. The women suggest that it was a way for women to step into the fine arts that have been dominated by men for years. Fashion was also a way for women to use their creativity and become businesswomen. 10 Francois Baudot highlights the success of Chanel’s fashion c areer in connection with the feeling of women’s liberation: Thousands of women now began to realize that ‘poor chic’ could be the answer to social snobbery. The Chanel look, with its lines reduced to their simplest expression, shows that how clothes are worn is much more important than what is worn; that a good line is worth more than a pretty face; that well-dressed is not the same as dressy, and that the acme of social cachet was to be proletarian. 11 Baudot is suggesting that this fashion movement started by Chanel actually broke down the class barriers that had been in place in France for centuries. Should Coco Chanel be given sole credit for this powerful new image of women? 12 We must ask ourselves: what other factors influenced a social change this large? It could be said that World War I had an enormous impact on this change in women’s fashion and their feeling of liberation. Throughout this paper I will discuss how World War I gave Chanel the opportunity to start her empire. I will then focus on how Chanel was able to stay an upper class, successful women despite her treatment of the people she employed, her anti-Semitism, and affairs with Nazi officers. To fully understand Chanel’s actions one must be briefed on the context of each one. During WWI men left their families and jobs to fight. Women had no choice but to provide for their families. The brutality of World War I made the chances of spouses returning very low. You read "Coco Chanel" in category "Essay examples" France lost 81,000 military men during WWI. 13 Women in the workplace manufactured war goods and faced extremely poor conditions and were often killed themselves. 14 WWI broke down the gender barrier so that women like Chanel could make a name for themselves and express themselves more freely. Historians acknowledge the rise in consumer culture and credit Chanel as ‘the’ female liberator and this image was created of Chanel as an icon for women embracing the new look. While Chanel was talented, she was also unashamed to use herself to get ahead. Without her two affairs she would not have had the money to build her brand. For young women yearning to be designers or businesswomen perhaps Chanel’s way of achieving notoriety is not the most ethical. For some, Chanel could send the message to her peers during this time that sleeping with men for money is how you become successful and internationally known. As an older women describing her beginnings, Coco Chanel said, â€Å"I was able to start a high end fashion shop because two gentlemen were outbidding each other over my hot little body! †15 The Interwar Period created a culture of consumerism. The economy was prosperous and ready to wear clothing was new and very popular. Chanel would have had a harder time rising to the top of the fashion world without this economic boom from WWI. When Chanel’s designs were bought by the Parisian elite she was able to make personal connections to keep advancing herself and it benefitted her career. Towards the end of the 1920s her affair with the Duke of Westminster solidified Chanel into the British aristocracy. She became close with Winston Churchill and members of the royal family, which would help her out in the years to come. Together, Chanel and the Duke of Westminster were outspoken with their anti-Semitic views and homophobia. Chanel’s perfume line had been financed, marketed, and produced by two Jewish brothers. Chanel started a 17-year battle with the Wertheimer brothers to gain monetary control over the company for the sole reason being they were Jewish. 16 Once more, Chanel used her body to advance and her blatant intolerance of Judaism and homosexuality is evidence that Chanel was intolerant and yet was still in business. In 1936 French workers went on strike for higher wages and the French labor unions met with management delegations. Chanel refused to pay any wage increases and other demands brought forth. She eventually realized her fall line would not be produced unless she gave in. Chanel had no respect for the seamstresses she employed even though Chanel was once in that position herself. She employed roughly 3,000 women where the working conditions and hours were strenuous and took a toll on them. Chanel’s treatment of the female workers she felt were beneath her is not often written about but it is important to note that once Chanel had become one of the elite she wanted nothing to do with the lower class. Chanel offered no extra benefits or help to the women working for her after agreements were met. 17 Three years later World War II began and Chanel closed her shops because she felt that war was not a time for fashion. Some see this as retaliation for the labor strike years before. 18 Regardless, Chanel’s actions against the women she employed go against the idea of the liberated woman she is credited with originating. Now in the fashion industry for twenty years, Chanel had an empire and was an internationally known name. However, the general public at this time had almost no knowledge of where Chanel had come from and how she rose to success. This helped increase the idolatry and admiration women held for her. Chanel created a public persona that was idyllic. Majority of what Chanel told reporters was fabricated because Chanel was so ashamed of her background. 19 It is hard to say whether Chanel’s fans during this time would have remained as loyal if her full background was known. Looking back at the social classes in France during the 1920s and 1930s there was a strong middle class. The middle class appeared in the early 20th century and its members wanted a clear distinction between themselves and members of the lower working classes. 20 Chanel’s designs that every woman copied in the 20s had evolved into an exclusively high-end collection much like Chanel herself. Chanel resided in the Hotel Ritz in Paris during World War II after the closing of her shops. France was now under German Occupation and German military officers also resided at the Hotel Ritz. While the rest of France was strengthening their Resistance, Chanel was practically living with Nazi officers. The French Resistance amongst its citizens was huge and women were central in it. This could potentially have been Chanel’s moment to earn her status as an icon for women. Female resisters could get away with almost anything because the Nazis were so dismissive of females having power. These women were excellent at falsifying documents and identities, decoding, and transporting paperwork and they risked everything to be apart of it. 21 Chanel took absolutely no part in the Resistance but rather had an affair with Officer Hans Gunther von Dincklage who was an operative in military intelligence. 2 There are several allegations that Chanel was a Nazi spy. Chanel had become very connected in the past twenty-five years and saw herself as an asset to the Germans. There are travel records in French and British intelligence of Chanel with Nazi officers and their train schedules and dates. There is no actual proof of what Chanel did when she was a spy so she could not be convicted afte r her arrest in 1944. 23 Chanel handwrote a note to Churchill in 1944 explaining why it looked suspicious for Chanel and her friend Vera Lombardi to have such close connections with the Germans: My Dear Winston, Excuse me to come ask you in such moments like these†¦I had heard from some time that Vera Lombardi was not very happily treated in Italy on account of her being English and married with an Italian officer†¦You know me well enough to understand that I did everything in my power to pull her out of that situation which had indeed become tragic as the Fascists had simply locked her up in prison†¦I was obliged to address myself to someone rather important to get her freed and to be allowed to bring her down here with e†¦that I succeeded placed me in a very difficult situation as her passport which is Italian has been stamped with a German visa and I understand quite well that it looks a bit suspect†¦you can well imagine my dear after years of occupation in France it has been my lot to encounter all kinds of people! I would have pleasure to talk over all these things with you! I remain always affectionately, Coco Chanel Perhaps Randolph could give me news of you. 24 Many Parisians postwar took Chanel’s actions as a slap in the face to France and questioned Chanel’s loyalty to France. Throughout World War II Chanel did not partake in anything to do with fashion and is remembered in France as somewhat of a traitor. Chanel moved to Switzerland following the war and ten years later returned to the fashion scene where she was welcomed by the Americans, whom are now her loyal customers. 25 Chanel was able to stay at the top of the fashion industry for so long because she was solely in Paris until after World War II. The French perspective is key to understanding how a woman like Chanel could maintain success. The French have a harder time accepting outside culture or influence because they want to keep France ‘French’. Since the French Revolution in 1789, nationalism has been important to the French people. The national motto of France is liberte, egalite, fraternite! (liberty, equality, fraternity/brotherhood). 26 Chanel was born in France and was easily accepted by the French community because in a way she could be seen as adding to the French culture. Her styles were created and manufactured in France by French people and this was most important to them. Her success after World War I boosted the morale of women and increased consumerism throughout France. Eventually, Chanel put herself above France and her involvement with the enemy in WWII ended her reign of success in the country. Another perspective of Chanel’s life and career to explore is that of American consumers. Americans during 1914 -1945 were not unaware of the brand and style of Chanel but it was not as common across the large country like it was in Europe. When the European press slammed Chanel in 1954 after her fashion show, she went to the United States one year later. The buyers in New York were thrilled to have her comeback be in the States and alerted Life Magazine. Life did a four-page spread on the comeback of Chanel. 27 Chanel’s reputation with the Nazis did not survive the journey across the Atlantic much to her benefit. Since Chanel had always been private and untruthful in the press, the American citizens really did not know much about Chanel as a person and just had the image of her as a foreign high-powered successful designer. At this time Chanel was 71 years old. It is possible that her age was to her benefit concerning American acceptance. Chanel’s affairs when she was younger were not that important to Americans because they did not know the military officers she was involved with. News of her affairs with Nazi officers going beyond just a relationship broke out to the public in the 21st century long after Chanel’s death. Therefore, Americans had virtually no reason to not accept Chanel. In conclusion, the wild life that Coco Chanel created was what kept her career alive. The mysterious Frenchwoman caught the eyes of wealthy men who financed her career and gave her the opportunity to become a success. The booming economy and new culture of consumerism from WWI helped Chanel become a household name and powerhouse in France. Chanel had the ability to recreate herself at any opportunity she came across and she did. She could do this because she never told the truth to anyone. No one really knew Chanel until after she died. She told interviewers wrong birth dates and gave different accounts of how she was raised. She went from being an orphan to a member of the French elite then on to a British aristocrat. Her many affairs ranged from heirs to Dukes to Nazi officers and she was able to fit into each of them. Shockingly enough, all these factors are apart of the reason Chanel had staying power. Her rich clients gave her access to wealthy men and vice versa. The connections Chanel made between 1918 and 1945 were key giving her a place in every part of society in Europe. After her Nazi affairs and losing her place in Paris, Chanel had one resource left to tap and that was the United States’ fashion scene. People in the United States were eager to have the designer’s comeback be on their soil. Once famous stars started wearing Chanel, the clothing was in high demand where it stays today. No other woman but Chanel could live the life she did and get away with being called an icon. â€Å"I invented my life by taking for granted that everything I did not like,  would have an opposite, which I would like,† Coco Chanel. 28 How to cite Coco Chanel, Essay examples Coco Chanel Free Essays Fashion designer. Born on August 19, 1883, in Saumur, France. With her trademark suits and little black dresses, Coco Chanel created timeless designs that are still popular today. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now She herself became a much revered style icon known for her simple yet sophisticated outfits paired with great accessories, such as several strands of pearls. As Chanel once said,â€Å"luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury. † Her early years, however, were anything but glamorous. After her mother’s death, Chanel was put in an orphanage by her father who worked as a peddler. She was raised by nuns who taught her how to sew—a skill that would lead to her life’s work. Her nickname came from another occupation entirely. During her brief career as a singer, Chanel performed in clubs in Vichy and Moulins where she was called â€Å"Coco. † Some say that the name comes from one of the songs she used to sing, and Chanel herself said that it was a â€Å"shortened version of cocotte, the French word for ‘kept woman,† according to an article in The Atlantic. Around the age of 20, Chanel became involved with Etienne Balsan who offered to help her start a millinery business in Paris. She soon left him for one of his even wealthier friends, Arthur â€Å"Boy† Capel. Both men were instrumental in Chanel’s first fashion venture. Opening her first shop on Paris’s Rue Cambon in 1910, Chanel started out selling hats. She later added stores in Deauville and Biarritz and began making clothes. Her first taste of clothing success came from a dress she fashioned out of an old jersey on a chilly day. In response to the many people who asked about where she got the dress, she offered to make one for them. â€Å"My fortune is built on that old jersey that I’d put on because it was cold in Deauville,† she once told author Paul Morand. In the 1920s, Chanel took her thriving business to new heights. She launched her first perfume, Chanel No. 5, which was the first to feature a designer’s name. Perfume â€Å"is the unseen, unforgettable, ultimate accessory of fashion. . . . that heralds your arrival and prolongs your departure,† Chanel once explained. In 1925, she introduced the now legendary Chanel suit with collarless jacket and well-fitted skirt. Her designs were revolutionary for the time—borrowing elements of men’s wear and emphasizing comfort over the constraints of then-popular fashions. She helped women say good-bye to the days of corsets and other confining garments. Another 1920s revolutionary design was Chanel’s little black dress. She took a color once associated with mourning and showed just how chic it could be for eveningwear. In addition to fashion, Chanel was a popular figure in the Paris literary and artistic worlds. She designed costumes for the Ballets Russes and for Jean Cocteau’s play Orphee, and counted Cocteau and artist Pablo Picasso among her friends. For a time, Chanel had a relationship with composer Igor Stravinsky. Another important romance for Chanel began in the 1920s. She met the wealthy duke of Westminster aboard his yacht around 1923, and the two started a decades-long relationship. In response to his marriage proposal, she reportedly said â€Å"There have been several Duchesses of Westminster—but there is only one Chanel! † The international economic depression of the 1930s had a negative impact on her company, but it was the outbreak of World War II that led Chanel to close her business. She fired her workers and shut down her shops. During the German occupation of France, Chanel got involved with a German military officer, Hans Gunther von Dincklage. She got special permission to stay in her apartment at the Hotel Ritz. After the war ended, Chanel was interrogated by her relationship with von Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator. Some have wondered whether friend Winston Churchill worked behind the scenes on Chanel’s behalf. While not officially charged, Chanel suffered in the court of public opinion. Some still viewed her relationship with a Nazi officer as a betrayal of her country. Chanel left Paris, spending some years in Switzerland in a sort of exile. She also lived at her country house in Roquebrune for a time. At the age of 70, Chanel made a triumphant return to the fashion world. She first received scathing reviews from critics, but her feminine and easy-fitting designs soon won over shoppers around the world. In 1969, Chanel’s fascinating life story became the basis for the Broadway musical Coco starring Katharine Hepburn as the legendary designer. Alan Jay Lerner wrote the book and lyrics for the show’s song while Andre Previn composed the music. Cecil Beaton handled the set and costume design for the production. The show received seven Tony Award nominations, and Beaton won for Best Costume Design and Rene Auberjonois for Best Featured Actor. Coco Chanel died on January 10, 1971, at her apartment in the Hotel Ritz. She never married, having once said â€Å"I never wanted to weigh more heavily on a man than a bird. † Hundreds crowded together at the Church of the Madeleine to bid farewell to the fashion icon. In tribute, many of the mourners wore Chanel suits. A little more than a decade after her death, designer Karl Lagerfeld took the reins at her company to continue the Chanel legacy. Today her namesake company continues to thrive and is believed to generate hundreds of millions in sales each year. In addition to the longevity of her designs, Chanel’s life story continues to captivate people’s attention. There have been several biographies of the fashion revolutionary, including Chanel and Her World (2005) written by her friend Edmonde Charles-Roux. In the recent television biopic, Coco Chanel (2008), Shirley MacLaine starred as the famous designer around the time of her 1954 career resurrection. The actress told WWD that she had long been interested in playing Chanel. â€Å"What’s wonderful about her is she’s not a straightforward, easy woman to understand. † How to cite Coco Chanel, Papers Coco Chanel Free Essays Sha’Bella Anderson Ms. Gossett English 4 24 April 2013 Coco Chanel Coco Chanel’s designs changed the ways women dressed, looked and acted. That was a major turning point in the fashion scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now She had an impact on women everywhere. Socially, intellectually and culturally, her design style inspired many others during her time, changing women’s fashion forever. Women love fashion because it sets the stage for the sight of things. Fashion, over the years, has given the world some renowned designers and Coco Chanel tops the list. She was growing into an iconic personality since the 30’s until present time. Chanel was the first to create clothing that made women feel both attractive and useful. Chanel ran a large, successful business in the fashion industry. She made women’s clothing beautiful, comfortable and practical. She understood that women wanted a sense of style and professionalism in their fashion, Chanel said, â€Å"Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street; fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. †(Coco Chanel (1873-1971)). Chanel broke the boundaries for woman’s fashion creating clothing that would give women the freedom of movement, by the way women looked, and how they looked at themselves. Chanel’s early year is that she was an orphaned as a young child. Chanel started fashion in the 1910, making hats in Paris, but she opened her first dress shop in Paris in 1914 and then closed in 1939 of the onset of World War ll. That Chanel revolutionized women’s fashion with her straight, simple and uncorseted and above all, comfortable of Chanel look and that she popularized the short hair of women in 1920s and she introduced the shorter skirts. Chanel created the famous Chanel No. 5 perfume in 1922. . How to cite Coco Chanel, Papers Coco Chanel Free Essays â€Å"In order for one to be irreplaceable, one must always be different. † –Coco Chanel Thesis Statement: The designs created by Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel inspired an entirely new concept to women’s fashion by simplifying women’s clothing while still making it fashionable. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel spent all her life denying her humble beginnings. A. Chanel was born an illegitimate child. 1. Chanel’s mother and father were not married when Chanel was born. 2. Chanel’s parents were not married until Chanel was fifteen months. B. Coco† Chanel was abandoned by her father and put into an orphanage once her mother passed away. 3. Chanel’s mother died when Chanel was six years old. 4. Chanel’s father put Chanel and her two sisters in an orphanage and her brother were sent to family farms as unpaid workers. II. â€Å"Coco† Chanel changed the view on women’s clothing, from tight fitting dresses to simple loose fitting clothing. C. Chanel brought the famous little black dress to the fashion world. 5. Before Chanel introduced the little black dress in 1926 black was only used for mourning, servants, and the clergy. 6. Once the little black dress became a big hit in the 1930s because they were affordable for anyone to buy. D. Chanel said that her whole career is based on a jersey that she made during a cold day in a town called Deauville. 7. A jersey was an undergarment for men and was once never used as a fashionable item for women in French fashion houses. 8. The jersey that Chanel made was simply cut from the front with an added ribbon, collar, and a knot once Chanel was being stopped in the middle of the street and asked where she had gotten the â€Å"dress† she told them all that she will make them the dress. III. In Chanel’s later years after the death of the love of her life Arthur â€Å"Boy† Chapel Chanel went through a series of intense but brief relationships. E. Chanel had numerous relationships with many wealthy men. 1. Chanel’s most indelible relationship was with a Nazi spy and the Duke of Westminster. 2. All of Chanel’s partners asked for her hand in marriage to which she all denied. F. Chanel went into exile because her reputation was tainted from her romance with the Nazi spy Hans Gunther Von Dincklage. 9. Chanel faced an ample amount of her relationship with Dincklage. 10. In result of her relationship with Dincklage she was even interrogated by the French government. G. When Chanel went into exile she had closed down all of her shops and stopped designing clothes. 11. Chanel made a comeback in 1954 in reaction to Christian Dior’s â€Å"New Look†. 12. Chanel’s said â€Å"Fashion has become a joke† (American Decades2). IV. Chanel made impacts in the world that she herself never meant to do in the beginning. H. Chanel’s work is still around today. 13. By the end of the 20th century every major fashion included the little black dress in their collection. 14. Chanel was one of the first to popularized tanning after getting sun burned while on vacation in the Mediterranean. I. Chanel still left a mark in today’s world. 15. The Chanel house now has over 100 boutiques in the world and is one of the most recognized fashion houses in the world for fashion. 16. Chanel’s success was powered by the strength of her personality, her desire for independence , and her need to be different(Business Leader Profiles for Students4) V. Chanel lived her whole life challenging social limits on women’s fashion and always succeeded. J. Chanel brought stylish and functional clothing into all her collections. 17. Chanel did something that no one else in her time was doing and that was liberating women from constricting clothing. 18. Chanel became an expert in knowing what women wanted when it came to clothing and women responded with enthusiasm(American Decades2) 19. Chanel revolutionized women’s clothing twice in her lifetime(American Decades1) VI. How to cite Coco Chanel, Essay examples

Environment and Development for International Journal of Analysis

Question: Discuss about theEnvironment and Development for International Journal of Analysis. Answer: Introduction The geometric mean calculates the progression from a certain number of variables. It indicates the central value for the numbers by utilizing their products. Notably, it involves multiplying numbers and taking the root. For instance, for two numbers, the square root is taken. The arithmetic mean involves adding the numbers and dividing the sum, by their count. This paper examines the benefits of the geometric calculation of the mean of income, education and life expectancy components in UNDPs Human Development Index. According to (Aldaz, 2012) the geometric mean is best suited for data involving percentage changes. The approach provides an accurate representation of geometric values by considering year-by-year compounding. In this case, the UNDP's Human Development Index evaluates the life expectancy, education, and means of income because the components rely on annual measurements. Kadak Grefe (2016) suggest that the geometric mean is appropriate for social correlation this is especially true for means of income. For instance, the income for middle-income earners increased by 10 percent in year two, from year one. Notably, most finance-related subjects are correlated, for instance, stock returns, risk premiums, and bonds. Also, the UNHR HDI components may vary from a small number to a thousand fold, therefore, analyzing the vast data using the arithmetic mean is difficult. For instance, the average annual returns over five years cannot be examined by arithmetic average. References Aldaz, J. M. (2012). Sharp bounds for the difference between the arithmetic and geometric means. SpringerLink, 393-399. Grefe, U. K. (2016). A Generalization of Weighted Means and Convex Functions with respect to the Non-Newtonian Calculus. International Journal of Analysis, 9.

Portrayal of Women in Science Fiction Literature Essay Example

Portrayal of Women in Science Fiction Literature Essay Linda Leith’s Women and Science Fiction talks about the progress of the portrayal of women in the science fiction genre through the examination of major works on the topic i.e. Future Females: A Critical Anthology and The Feminine Eye: Science Fiction and the Women Who Write It.   It is well organized and relatively easy to read as it does not presuppose vast knowledge of the subject or the discussed works on the part of the readers.   As Leith references the works of other authors, she touches on the subjects of the rise of feminism and female contributions on the genre as the ones that lead to the better portrayal of women than in the past decades.   Also, how these works challenge the patriarchal society as unnatural and ideas of manless societies – only letting the men in if they behave – are also mentioned. It relates another person’s work to another, their connections and the needs for updates as the author encourages response and interest on the subject of women and science fiction.   As the work discusses issues of feminism and portrayal of women in science fiction, it is also, as importantly, a review on the works and a guide to readers on their contents for further reading.   This article was published in July 1983, the time when advancement in portrayal of women as strong characters and equal to men, is just on the rise and perhaps considered ground breaking.   It is something to ponder upon as recent advancements in the genre suggest that it is normal for women to take lead roles and be perceived as strong and independent. We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Women in Science Fiction Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Women in Science Fiction Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Women in Science Fiction Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Death Penalty And Note How It Changed Religion Essay Example

The Death Penalty And Note How It Changed Religion Essay Example The Death Penalty And Note How It Changed Religion Essay The Death Penalty And Note How It Changed Religion Essay Squandered Opportunities: New York s Pataki Years ( 2006 ) , aˆÂ ¦ read moreand Contending the Good Battle: A History of the New York Conservative Party ( 2002 ) . In 1993, Mr. George Marlin was the campaigner of Conservative Party for city manager of New York City, and in the twelvemonth 1994 he served as squad member in Governor-elect Pataki s passage squad. He besides served as CEO and Executive Director of the Port Authority of New Jersey and New York two times. In that context and capacity he managed installations precisely 35 in figure including the JFK, World Trade Center, Newark Airports, PATH Subway, LaGuardia and the two tunnels and four Bridgess that connect New Jersey and New York. His articles and books have appeared in legion publication sites and periodicals including New York Post, National Review, The New York Times, The Washington Times, Newsday and the New York Daily News. Mr. George Marlin is besides functioning as a general editor of G.K. Chesterton s The C ollected Works. Introduction For old ages, the symbol of the hereafter has been the coming of new decennary ; the reaching of new century. Whether the field is Religion, medical specialty, infinite geographic expedition or condemnable justness, that bend of the calendar has held alone captivation. Now as we approach the new decennary, a new world is organizing from that captivation. Still distant plenty to offend our wonder but near enough that our outlooks and analysis sing decease punishment and the church can be guided by world, life in the following decennary can be the focal point of productive, justifiable and practical enquiry ( Guha 67 ) . The Catholic Church and the Death Punishment The Catholic Church Vatican abolished the decease punishment in 1969, imperceptibly that no 1 have noticed until the 1971. Besides, the Papal States have executed many people up until 1870, easing the most flagitious type of offenses to be given penalty by malleting the felon or the condemned s caput so slicing his pharynx. The traditional Catholic Church instruction has been so strong, expressed and uninterrupted on this affair. The Catholic Church should hold made a clear statement that it is non the instruction that has been changed, but penal social wealth and engineering ( Barry, 87 ) . Harmonizing to early Catholic literatures, the earliest spiritual penalty signifier was called private retaliation, it described that the victim was retaliated for hurts without intervention by the community. The chief job with this sort of retaliation is it frequently resulted into bloody feuds that continue for several old ages until the other side was wiped out wholly. The belongings of the church and life loss became so common that the early Catholic societies glowingly begun enforcing official decease punishments and tests on anyone who offended in order to forestall the happening of private retribution ( Biernie 98 ) . For many old ages, this sort of decease penalty and tests was carried out mostly in the context of morality and faith. The Acts of the Apostless of offenses were told to be violative to the Gods, who might demo their disapproval through temblors, pestilences or other sort of devastation. The penalty is said to proportionate the act of offenses and wrongdoing to decrease the choler of Gods and is based on spiritual instruction and the bible. It is besides limited significantly to any surpluss sing private retribution in an effort to decrease the blood feuds and its effects ( Barry 63 ) . While these religious and spiritual positions and attacks penalty and decease punishment dominated by the early Catholics and early attacks return to antiquity signifier. For an case, Plato ( 429-347 B.C. ) said that the foundation of Torahs was the societal prevailing of morality instead than god s jurisprudence. Therefore, every sort of action reverse to the morality is considered a offense. In hisA composing about RepublicA andA LawsA he argued the four different types of discourtesies: ( 1 ) discourtesies against the faith ( 2 ) discourtesies against the province ; ( 3 ) discourtesies against the individual and ( 4 ) discourtesies against the private belongingss. He besides did different statements: that offenses were the merchandises of a faulty acquisition or instruction, that the penalty badness should be examined by the blameworthiness grades, that the felons are considered ill persons who must be intervened and that if they can non be normalized they must be wiped out ( Bier nie 93 ) . During the in-between ages, Christianity credence in Europe have turned the perceptual experience about penalty and decease punishment into religious way, different from the natural thought dictated by the Roman Catholic jurisprudence. The Satan s influence was the most normally used account for offense and penalties that described as cruel and primitive. Crimes were associated with wickedness, and the authorities claimed that it was replacing the topographic point of God with his ability for decease penalties ( Brugger 56 ) . This spiritual and religious footing for decease penalty was associated with societal and political organisations of feudal system to make the inductions of the system in condemnable justness. In an attempt to decrease the blood feuds, the Godheads of feudal instructed the functionary procedure which God could merely bespeak who was guilty and who was guiltless. This method was conducted through ordeal tests in which the accused party was underwent to painful and hard trials. Other type of ordeal consists of gantlet running and fire walking. The test by ordeal was condemned in 1215 by the Catholic Pope and was overpowered by the procedure of compurgation, in which the accused party joined together to curse in the forepart of 12 reputable people who would curse that they were guiltless. The method was that cipher would lie to forestall penalty by God ( Aiklo 84 ) . In confrontation straight with these Catholic and religious positions stood societal contract and the Utopian authors, who promoted predominating societal conditions and rationalism. Arguments about the legislative assemblies in set uping a fixed graduated table of legal offenses, from the least serious to the more serious, and fixed matching graduated tables of discourtesies proportions, penalties, runing from the least terrible to the more serious. Harmonizing to Attigod ( 27 ) over the class of the past centuries, there were seeable grim degrees of guess in historical and modern-day Catholic literatures about offenses and decease punishments at the same clip that world-wide issues and struggles. Concurrent to these developments, there has been a new moving ridge of involvement directed toward the factors lending to the development of modern Catholicism s coming out from different facets of life things through communications, specifically the turn in the rating and judgement function in society or the church ( Brugger 78 ) . A survey conducted by Barry ( 93 ) , he presented that at the start of the new millenary, there were turning figure of standards that began to propose decease punishment and penalty as a redress to the province cauterized of society and the church. Yet, he questioned how can these standards for plants within the new religious modes of in the changing and automatic duologue and ambiguity? The modern involvement was focused on the importance of supplying a model for understanding the development of decease punishment in Catholic Church. Included in those was the demand for analyzing the instruction and rule that today society requires being effectual member of the society. That scriptural cognition, steadfastly grounded in the present and the yesteryear, has guided their attempts to look into the hereafter. Most of these writers do non see themselves futurists, that is, specializers, theorizing about the hereafter. Alternatively, their attempt here are the best apprehended as efforts to extent today s religious cognition base modestly frontward for a decennary and a half and possibly to act upon those who are willing to do dare springs ( Barry 83 ) . Presents, merely some of many offenses that occur received intense attendings from the intelligence media, jurisprudence enforcement bureaus, and the populace. White collar offense gets least attending that its innermost costs warrant and incendiarism is seldom the footing of intelligence narratives, official probe and public fright. In recent old ages, two comparatively uncommon signifiers of offenses consecutive homicide and the slaying of kids abducted by aliens, have dominated imperativeness studies and Church place on offense, telecasting docudramas, constabulary probes, and popular attendings ( Barry 63 ) . During the 1980 s, the issue of consecutive slaying was established as major societal job, and the stereo typical consecutive slayer become one of the best-known and the most widely feared societal enemies ( Brugger 67 ) In each instance, peculiar attending of the Catholic Church has directed toward the designation of claims-makers, those persons and groups who attempted to show an issue in a peculiar manner. The survey of religious bookmans on these offenses is cardinal to the constructionists attack to societal jobs in which the theoretical undertaking is to analyze how members defines Lodge and imperativeness claims ; how they publicized their concerns, redefine the issue in inquiry in the face of political obstructions, indifference or resistances ; how they enter in confederations which other claim shapers. The development of the decease punishment shaped public perceptual experiences of the consecutive slaying job, offenses, and the agencies claims and came to the constitution as important. It will be suggested that such an geographic expedition has of import deductions both for the framing of societal jobs, and for the survey of mass media ( James 28 ) . On the other manus, the decease punishment was the philosophical focal point of 19th and twentieth century, the present attack by the church surfaced as an academic field and subject in the seventiess. The rethinking and uncertainty about the human and offense relationship over the last three decennaries showed an already common perceptual experience in the early sixtiess that the 20th century nowadayss with a population clip bomb and a major crisis issue ( Guha 19 ) Additionally, the Catholic s historical derived functions of the decease punishment and penalty are linked to overdrive and mistreat of human rights and nature by care of the homo s equality over all other signifiers of nature and life on Earth and by perceptual experience of all was formed and created for the justness non merely human existences but all signifier of life in the existence. Interestingly, Pope John Paul II frequently appealed for mildness and compassion towards condemned liquidators, and Catholic bishops have staid that the decease punishment should non be lawfully imposed in the United States and for the remainder of the universe ( Barry 93 ) . The modern Catholic Church is to a great extent influenced by political orientation and political relations, but those influences can be tempered by informations. The aggregation and analysis of information about offense and decease punishment and about the religious and societal justness procedure will play an progressively of import regulation in the hereafter. Research, including rating surveies, hence becomes an indispensable constituent of supplying services to the community. Such research serves as a foundation on which future policies and processs can be evaluated and disciplinary steps taken to better the bringing of services. In this manner, research is more that heuristic. It is now an of import ingredient in the procedure of finishing the multiple undertakings expected of criminology leaders ( Attigod 87 ) . The development of decease punishment and justness with the intercession of Catholic Church faces different challenges and issues today, offenses, debasement of natural resources and devastation of human life are some of the issues sing the topic. There is besides devastation of some single members of human groups and overpopulated species belong to indigenous group which is of import for the saving of our unity ( Aiklo, 65 ) . There are terrorists from different states across the Earth that continually patterns flagitious offenses to prolong their demands and ends that degrades the quality of human life. In natural scenes, there are industries and mining company that utilized unfastened cavity excavation in some environmental diverse country that causes planetary clime alteration. It is frequently discusses to be morally incorrect for every human existences to consume, destroy and injury any parts of the nature, human life and to big country of the Earth s natural resources. It is b esides familiar that the Bible quoted as a justification for capital penalty: Eye for oculus, tooth for tooth ( from Leviticus 24:20 ; besides Exodus 21:24 ) . This follows by a more direct poetry: Whoever takes the life of any human being shall be put to decease ( Leviticus 24:17 ) However, some priests have asked decease punishment should impact the topographic points defined in which countries are to be restored, and have questioned over precisely which must be ecological characteristics, terrorist act, condemnable characteristics, etc. These issues are emerging in Catholic Church members and society and so an issue besides emerges over the Torahs of the nature and penalties that will demo in them, and besides of their combination into immense planetary, regional, political and economic field ( Barry 45 ) . The political, ethical, and legal meetings of statements sing the hereafter of Catholic church is focused on the outgrowth of philosophical and religious issues that concern with religious values, human rights, resources depletion and the argue over whether an human moralss would be anything new instead than a alterations, extension or alteration of current ethical doctrines were showed in broad political, environmental and societal motions. William claude dukenfields and countries other than faith such as feminism, deep ecology, and societal theories are considered to hold important impact on the political development of places sing the environment. The importance of this factors impact to the Catholic people s believing about criminology and has been valued by many environmental bookmans and philosophers ( Attigod 27 ) . Current political struggles and geographical differences with the Catholic Church supply important challenges to the issue of offenses and decease punishment, the universe is now in general as it threatens to widen inequalities and affect human populating systems. The justness and Catholic instructions are necessary as it involve the intervention with the rights of worlds and non-human life elements, peculiarly in relation to entree to life s critical to survival. It besides contains inquiries concerned to whether homo should go forth considerations to other human to continue for future coevalss. That is either of the chief activities that are unethical and how their engagements in an activity to mislead the public about political alterations in the past decennaries that have tarnished the Religious instructions ( Abram 86 ) .A The linked between unequal human intervention of decease punishment, devastation of environmental, poorness and the economic state of affairs of the universe order have been argued by condemnable bookmans, political scientists, geographers, development theoreticians, and economic experts every bit good as by philosophers. Linkss between criminology and Catholic Church are good established peculiarly. It is good known today that the Church has a disproportional consequence on the hapless and on justness in that those in whom the coercive power of the province is vested are disproportionately white in-between category. The unity of this church system and its societal control depends on its being just and just. Where disparity exists, we must be certain that it is non the consequence of either deliberate or unwilled differences in the intervention of its citizens. While the modern attack of church in decease punishment can non be expected to turn to unfairnesss that may be in the larger society, church leaders contribute to them. Leaderships of the field must take duty for safeguarding the unity of decease penalty system and for working toward the system whose employees are sensitive to the civilizations of those caught up in it and served by it ( Abram 76 ) .A In decision, the Vatican Church in the Modern World and the Catholic Pope s recent societal instructions and the statements of the U.S. bishops represent the methodological demands for using the Bible in the death-penalty arguments but besides provide important content. These current instructions and paperss listen to the Bible context, paying attending to major issues and subjects, and besides size up the major marks of the times ( James 45 ) .

The Historical Development of the Electric Train Essay

The Historical Development of the Electric Train - Essay Example Electricity is used as a substitute to provide power hence eliminating smoke and taking advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors. This paper seeks to describe the historical development of the electric train in the world of technology. In 1879, Werner von Siemens who was a German engineer presented the first practical passenger train at Berlin which used electricity to operate. In the same year, the first electric railway was demonstrated at the Berlin Trades Fair. The locomotive was driven by approximately a power of 2.2 KW series wound motor and the train which consisted of the locomotive and three cars. This locomotive could reach a maximum speed of 13 km/h. In 1881, the world’s first public electric tram line was opened in Berlin, Germany, and it was named Gross- Lichterfelde Tramway. It was built by Werner von Siemens. In 1883, Modling and Hinterbruh Tram opened near Vienna in Austria as the first electric tram line. This tramline used electricity served from a n overhead line to operate. Also in 1883, Volk’s electric railway was opened in Brighton, Britain. ... This line opened in 1890, using electric locomotives which were built by Mather and Platt. In fact, electricity grew quickly and became the power supply of choice for subways, which were assisted by the Sprague’s invention of the multi- unit train control in the year 1897. The surface and the elevated transit systems used steam until they were forced to convert by the law. The first and foremost electrification on the mainline was actually on a four- mile stretch of the Baltimore Belt Line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1895. This track was very crucial in connecting the main portion of the B&O to the newly built line to the New York and it required a series if tunnels around the edges of Baltimore’s downtown. Smoke from steam locomotives was becoming a nuisance on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Railroad entrances to New York City required tunnels and hence smoke problems were becoming worse. A collision in the Park Avenue tunnel in 1902 led to the New York Sta te legislature to outlaw the using of smoke producing locomotives after 1908. Consequently, electric locomotives began to operate in 1904 in the New York central Railroad. In 1930s, the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had actually introduced the use of electric locomotives because of the law, electrified its entire territory east of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Chicago, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad which was the last transcontinental line to be built, electrified the lines across the Rocky Mountains and to the Pacific Ocean beginning in 1915. The East Coast lines such as the Virginia Railway, the Norfolk and the Western Railway found it useful to electrify short sections of the mountain crossings.